construction of evaluative meanings by kurdish-speaking learners of english: a comparison of high- and low-graded argumentative essays

academic writing ability is an important goal that learners of english as a second language (esl) or english as a foreign language (efl) try to attain. while esl students’ academic writings have been widely explored, owing to few studies investigating appraisal resources in efl students’ argumentative writing, the gap still exists about efl students’ academic writing. this study aimed to see how kurdish-speaking learners of english employ appraisal resources in their writings. it further aimed to explore whether the appraisal framework can be utilized as an assessment scale for evaluating the students’ argumentative writing. to this end, the study investigated the argumentative essays written by 15 bilingual kurdish-iranian graduates of english within the framework of the appraisal theory. the instruments applied in this study consisted of a modified rating scale for assessing the essays in terms of the macrostructures exploited in them and the framework for the analysis of appraisal resources. quantitative findings revealed high-graded essays employ more attitudinal items and fewer monoglossic resources than low-graded ones. qualitatively, the high-graded essays articulated attitudinal values in nominal forms and sometimes in a backgrounded manner while these values were mostly presented by surge of feelings and in a foregrounded way in the low-graded essays. regarding engagement, unlike the high-graded essays, the low-graded ones were poor in recognizing other voices and alternative positions. inspired by the strength of the appraisal model evaluating writing, results suggest that high-graded essays are successful in positioning readers attitudinally and clarifying the ethical message to readers.